Volume 6, 2022

Table of contents

List of Reviewers
Radiation Effects

ASSESSMENT OF PIGMENT CONTENT ON WILD GROWING PLANTS IN MOUSSALA PEAK

Tsveta Angelova, Nikolai Tyutyundzhiev, Christo Angelov, Svetla Gateva, Gabriele Jovtchev

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.01

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The highest peak on Rila Mountain is Moussala (2925 m a. s. l.). Its climate conditions depend on the geographic location, peculiarities of relief, and atmospheric circulation, and a specific microclimate is formed. In alpine regions, conditions become extremely variable with the increase in altitude. Plants that are growing in alpine conditions are exposed to the combined impact of environmental factors such as altitude, prolonged UV irradiation, low temperature, etc. This study aims to compare and assess whether the pigment content of wild-growing species at Moussala peak changes in the two following years. As plant material was used following species: Saxifraga cymosa Waldst & Kit (Saxifragaceae), Anthemis carpatica Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. (Asteraceae), Geum repens (Rosaceae), Doronicum columnae Ten.(Asteraceae), Achillea clusiana L. (Asteraceae), Allium sibiricum L. (Liliaceae) and Festuca valida (R.Uechtr.) Pénzes (Poaceae). Plants were collected from Moussala Peak in July-August, in two successive growing seasons of 2020 and 2021. Data for the average daily value of “Erythemal UV irradiance” response (UVE) for the experimental site at Rila Mountain (2925 m a. s. l.) were measured with a UV sensor. Average daily values for July and August are calculated. Photosynthetic pigment content was applied as an endpoint. It was obtained that genotype response varies depending on the environmental conditions of the studied year. Data for UV irradiation at Moussala peak for a period of two following years 2020-2021 show insignificant change. Radiation conditions at Moussala peak show that both years differed in UVE response, but this small change of UV irradiation for one year is probably insignificant. The levels of total chlorophylls, chl. a, chl. b and total carotenoids for most of the studied alpine plants measured for 2021 were insignificantly higher in comparison with those measured for 2020. Only for S. cymosa were evaluated significantly higher pigment levels in 2021 than those in 2020. The chlorophyll a/b ratio was stable for all studied wild species growing at this altitude. The chlorophyll a/b ratio also varies depending on the studied genotype and different radiation conditions of the years studied. Our preliminary data indicate a change in pigment content depending on the different environmental conditions in the respective years and alpine plants examined. Data for radiation conditions at Moussala peak show that both years differed in UVE response, but this small change of UV irradiation for one year is probably insignificant. Changes in pigment content in some of the studied alpine genotypes propose different adaptive strategies to overcome the environmental stress at this altitude. Because alpine conditions at Moussala peak are related to the various impacts of extreme environmental factors on the pigment content of plants, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of interaction of factors and plant response in the long-term aspect of time.
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Tsveta Angelova, Nikolai Tyutyundzhiev, Christo Angelov, Svetla Gateva, Gabriele Jovtchev, "Assessment of pigment content on wild growing plants in moussala peak", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 1-7, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.01
Medical Physics

A NEW PRODUCTION METHOD OF HIGH SPECIFIC ACTIVITY RADIONUCLIDES TOWARDS INNOVATIVE RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS: THE ISOLPHARM PROJECT

E. Vettorato, L. Morselli, M. Ballan, A. Arzenton, O. S. Khwairakpam, M. Verona, D. Scarpa, S. Corradetti, P. Caliceti, V. Di Marco, F. Mastrotto, G. Marzaro, N. Realdon, A. Zenoni, A. Donzella, M. Lunardon, L. Zangrando, M. Asti, G. Russo, E. Mariotti, D. Maniglio, A. Andrighetto

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.02

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Radionuclides of interest in nuclear medicine are generally produced in cyclotrons or nuclear reactors, with associated issues such as highly enriched target costs and undesired contaminants. The ISOLPHARM project (ISOL technique for radioPHARMaceuticals) explores the feasibility of producing extremely high specific activity β-emitting radionuclides as radiopharmaceutical precursors. This technique is expected to produce radiopharmaceuticals very hardly obtained in standard production facilities. Radioactive isotopes will be obtained from nuclear reactions induced by accelerating 40 MeV protons in a cyclotron to collide on a UCx target. By means of: high working temperatures and high vacuum conditions, the migration of the radioactive elements towards an ion source, a potential difference up to 40 kV, and a mass separation device, an isobaric beam of desired radionuclides will be produced and implanted on a deposition target. The availability of innovative isotopes can potentially open a new generation of radiopharmaceuticals, based on nuclides never studied so far. Among these, a very promising isotope could be Ag-111, a β- emitter with a half-life (7.45 d), an average β- energy of 360 keV, a tissue penetration of around 1 mm, and a low percentage of γ-emission. The proof of principle studies on Ag-111 production and radiolabeling are currently under investigation in the ISOLPHARM_EIRA project, where both its production and possible application as a radiopharmaceutical precursor will be evaluated in its computational/physics, radiochemistry, and radiobiology tasks. Currently, innovative macromolecules meeting the specific requirements for the chelation and targeted delivery of Ag-111 are being developed, which will be further tested in vitro on 2D and 3D models, as well as in vivo for their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential onto xenograft models.
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E. Vettorato, L. Morselli, M. Ballan, A. Arzenton, O. S. Khwairakpam, M. Verona, D. Scarpa, S. Corradetti, P. Caliceti, V. Di Marco, F. Mastrotto, G. Marzaro, N. Realdon, A. Zenoni, A. Donzella, M. Lunardon, L. Zangrando, M. Asti, G. Russo, E. Mariotti, D. Maniglio, A. Andrighetto, "A new production method of high specific activity radionuclides towards innovative radiopharmaceuticals: the isolpharm project", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 8-14, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.02
Radiation Physics

METHOD OF SETTING OPTIMAL OPERATING VOLTAGE FOR RADIATION DETECTORS CONTAINING THIN PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS

Aleš Jančář, Jiří Čulen, Filip Mravec, Zdeněk Matěj

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.03

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In this paper, we discuss the method of setting the optimal working voltage on the photomultipliers of detectors containing thin plastic scintillation materials. These plastic scintillators may additionally include a zinc sulfide ZnS(Ag) layer for the separation of alpha and beta particles. The ionizing radiation on the thin plastic scintillators is not fully absorbed and therefore it is not possible to determine the position of the Compton edge. This is very important for energy calibration. We have proposed a simple method for this purpose and carried out all tests with the newly developed smart frisking probe. The results are presented.
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Aleš Jančář, Jiří Čulen, Filip Mravec, Zdeněk Matěj, "Method of setting optimal operating voltage for radiation detectors containing thin plastic scintillators", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 15–20, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.03
Radon and Thoron

FEASIBILITY OF IN SITU RADON MONITORING USING COMMON GM COUNTERS

Atanas Terziyski, Ludmil Tsankov, Stoyan Tenev, Vedrin Jeliazkov

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.04

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Most of the detectors used for radon measurements rely on registering the alpha-rays coming from the 222Rn decay itself and those from its daughters 218Po and 214Po, as well. Although active alpha-detectors have very low background and good efficiency, they are relatively expensive and are not well suited for field work due to their sensitivity to the ambient air humidity. In this work, an alternative possibility for in situ systematic measurements (monitoring) of radon concentration is investigated. It is suggested to use simple and wide spread detectors - Geiger-Mueller (GM) counters which are sensitive to beta/gamma radiation of 222Rn daughters 214Pb and 214Bi. Long term measurements of the radiation background in uninhabited dwelling rooms were performed using simultaneously a classical radon alpha-particles detector (based on an ion chamber) and a beta/gamma detector (GM counter); the basic meteorological parameters at the site were also monitored. A very high correlation between the response of both detectors was found (r2~0.9) which indicates that the radon monitoring can be successfully performed by means of cheap and moisture resistant GM counters. The drawbacks and the limitations of this method are also discussed.
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Atanas Terziyski, Ludmil Tsankov, Stoyan Tenev, Vedrin Jeliazkov "Feasibility of in situ radon monitoring using common gm counters", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 21–25, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.04
Radiation Physics

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF SECONDARY NEUTRONS ON PARTICLE ACCELERATORS

Aleš Jančář, Zdeněk Kopecký, Jiří Čuleň, Filip Mravec, Zdeněk Matěj

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.05

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A newly developed fast digital spectrometer for neutron spectroscopy is presented. The pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of the spectrometer has been evaluated within two experiments with different neutron energies. The experimental measurements of secondary neutrons were carried out in the laboratory of the Van de Graaff accelerator and at the Proton Therapy Center in Prague. For both experiments, a liquid scintillator detector BC-501A (NE-213) was used. The results of experiments demonstrate the very good quality of the PSD discrimination of the spectrometer. The experimental spectra of secondary neutrons were compared with spectra obtained by means Monte Carlo simulations. The detector response matrix and the flux of secondary neutrons and protons in the vicinity of irradiated proton therapy phantom were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations.
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Aleš Jančář, Zdeněk Kopecký, Jiří Čuleň, Filip Mravec, Zdeněk Matěj, "Experimental measurement of secondary neutrons on particle accelerators", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 26–30, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.05
Radiation Physics

ISO 4037 2019: ESTABLISHMENT OF X-RAY NARROW-SPECTRUM SERIES USED IN THE NATIONAL SECONDARY STANDARD DOSIMETRY LABORATORY OF MOROCCO

Omaima Essaad Belhaj, Hamid Boukhal, El Mahjoub Chakir, Khaoula Laazouzi, Maryam Hadouachi, Younes Sadeq, Siham Belhaj, Meryem Bellahsaouia, Said Soudjay

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.06

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The radiation qualities of the narrow-spectrum X-ray series in the range from 30 to 300 kV designed for calibration of radiation protection and dosimeter irradiation instruments have been established, characterized and validated experimentally in accordance with the recommendations of ISO4037-1:2019 in the automated X-ray calibration facility of the Service of Calibration and Metrology of Ionizing Radiation of a national Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) in Morocco. The variety of the first half-value layer (1st HVL) and the second HVL (2nd HVL) between the experimental results and the values given in ISO 4037-1:2019 were all within 10%; similarly, the homogeneity coefficients h were between 0.88 and 1.0 according to ISO 4037:2019. In addition, the Monte Carlo code Gamos/Geant4 was used to simulate the spectra of these radiation qualities, which showed good agreement with the spectra given in ISO 4037-1 and with the results found by the SpekPy and SpekCalc software. For the conversion coefficients the highest difference between values determined through experiment and those established by ISO 4037-3 were 5.5 %. The study and characterization of the reference radiations of the narrow spectrum series in the national secondary standard dosimetry laboratory of Morocco revealed a good conformity to the recommendations of the ISO 4037:2019.
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Omaima Essaad Belhaj, Hamid Boukhal, El Mahjoub Chakir, Khaoula Laazouzi, Maryam Hadouachi, Younes Sadeq, Siham Belhaj, Meryem Bellahsaouia, Said Soudjay, "ISO 4037 2019: Establishment of x-ray narrow-spectrum series used in the National Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory of Morocco ", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 31–37, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.06
Biotechnology

HYDROPONICAL GROWTH AND RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION SPECIFICITIES OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS IN ARARAT VALLEY AND DILIJAN FOREST ZONE CONDITIONS

Kh. Mayrapetyan, A. Hakobjanyan, L. Ghalachyan, A. Karapetyan, A. Ghahramanyan, S. Eloyan, A. Yeghiazaryan, A. Tadevosyan

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.07

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydroponic growth technology of Thuja pyramidalis as an accelerated sapling cultivation method and the ability of this plant to accumulate radionuclides that are nowadays big ecological problems for the settlements, which are near to the nuclear power stations. Our results show that hydroponic growth technology provides on average 1.3-1.4 times yearly increase of height of overground part, root and foliage perimeter. Already third years old saplings have about 30 cm height, 11 mm cingulum diameter, 46 cm foliage perimeter and 23 cm root length and may be transplanted into the soil in their final places. In hydroponic conditions of Ararat Valley saplings of this tree showed an increase of the ability to absorb total β–radioactivity with age. Eight years aged plant’s total β-radioactivity level is two times higher from the three years aged one. In absorbed radioactivity the 90 Sr is about 6.5-9.5 % and 137 Cs is about 2.7-3.4 %. Other RN include technogenic (89Sr, 134Cs, 141Ce, etc.) and natural (40K, 234Th, 210Pb, etc.) ones and is about 87.3-91.4 %. From our results it may be proposed that Thuja occidentalis ‘Pyramidalis Compacta’ may be effectively used in the greenings of cities near to NPPs and hydroponic growth technology may be used to receive its saplings in a short time period.
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Kh. Mayrapetyan, A. Hakobjanyan, L. Ghalachyan, A. Karapetyan, A. Ghahramanyan, S. Eloyan, A. Yeghiazaryan, A. Tadevosyan, "Hydroponical growth and radionuclide accumulation specificities of thuja occidentalis in ararat valley and dilijan forest zone conditions ", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 38–42, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.07
Radiation Protection

RADIATION SHIELDING PROPERTIES OF 5% HDPE/BORON COMPOSITES

Selcen Uzun Duran, Ümit Alver, Brunilda Mucogllava, Bilge Demirköz, Fatih Özkalayci

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.08

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In this study, the material was formed by adding 5 wt% boron into high density polyethylene material to be used in applications containing neutrons. This paper discusses the neutron and gamma rays shielding characteristics of HDPE-based composite materials containing 5% HDPE/colemanite (HDPE/C), 5% HDPE/ulexite (HDPE/U), and 5% HDPE/B2O3 (HDPE/B) by weight additives were fabricated. The characterizations of these shielding materials were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD). The Total macroscopic cross-section of each composite was determined using a 239Pu-Be (α, n) neutron source.
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Selcen Uzun Duran, Ümit Alver, Brunilda Mucogllava, Bilge Demirköz, Fatih Özkalayci, "Radiation shielding properties of 5% hdpe/boron composites", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 43-48, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.08
Radioecology

RADIOACTIVITY OF MINERAL AND SPRING WATERS FROM BULGARIA

Radoslava Lazarova, Milena Hristozova, Ivanka Yordanova

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.09

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Radiological analysis of mineral waters sampled from springs in the region of Sofia and Velingrad spa resort, and of bottled mineral, spring and table waters from other regions in Bulgaria was carried out as part of the overall monitoring of drinking waters in the country. Content of natural uranium was from 0.003±0.001 to 0.023±0.005 mg/l, gross alpha activity from ≤0.01 to 0.50±0.05 Bq/l and beta activity from ≤ 0.02 to 0.30±0.06 Bq/l. Concentration of indicators in all studied waters met the requirements, provided for in the Regulation for mineral, spring and bottled waters in Bulgaria (U ≤ 0.06 mg/l; gross alpha activity ≤ 0.5 Bq/l; gross beta activity ≤ 1 Bq/l). However alpha activity higher than 0.1 Bq/l, specified in the Regulation for drinking waters, was determined in the mineral water from Ovcha Kupel in Sofia (0.34 Bq/l) and in the bottled mineral water from Devin in the Rhodopes (0.49 Bq/l). Both water samples were further tested for Po-210. Content of Po-210 was under the derived concentration of 0.1 Bq/l laid down in the Regulation on drinking waters. In result of analyses carried out it was concluded the studied waters were not hazardous for human consumption in terms of radiology.
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Radoslava Lazarova, Milena Hristozova, Ivanka Yordanova, "Radioactivity Of Mineral And Spring Waters From Bulgaria", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 49–53, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.09
Medical Physics

BEAM MODELING OF ELEKTA AGILITY MLC FOR MONTE CARLO AND COLLAPSED CONE CONVOLUTION COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMS IN MONACO TREATMENT PLANNING SYSTEM

Vasile Petru Virag, Diana Maria Ghemiș

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.10

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After the commissioning process of 8 beam matched linear accelerators from different clinics, the next step is beam modeling of Monte Carlo and Collapsed Cone Convolution computational algorithms in Monaco treatment planning system. This is done by measuring asymmetrical and irregular fields with the same number of monitor units (100 UM). These fields are predefined in the treatment plan system by the manufacturer. The maximum tolerance allowed by the manufacturer for the intercomparison of measurements with the values calculated by the system is ± 3%. The measurements were acquired with Semiflex 3D, Farmer, PinPoint ionization chambers in the BeamScan water phantom and processed with Mephysto software. These measurements and calculations shall be performed for each computational algorithm. In this treatment planning system 2 calculation models are used. The first one is collapsed cone convolution (CCC), used for the 3DCRT treatment technique in two variants: open fields and wedge filter fields. The second one is Monte Carlo (pMC), used for VMAT and IMRT treatment technique. A set of eight static and intensity modulated radiation therapy fields were used to verify the Agility MLC parameters. We know from experience that with Agility the 2 main parameters we need to touch are the Leaf offset and the Leaf Transmission. The measurements were performed with Octavius 4D system and PTW Octavius 1500 detector array. The beam modeling was verified using a homogeneous phantom for point dose measurements, post modelling MLC parameters and patient QA plans. All plan parameters pass the gamma criteria with an average percentage higher than 95%.
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Vasile Petru Virag, Diana Maria Ghemiș, "Beam modeling of elekta agility mlc for monte carlo and collapsed cone convolution computational algorithms in monaco treatment planning system", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 54–59, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.10
Radon and Thoron

RADON-222 CONCENTRATION LEVELS IN SOIL AND WATER IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF GEORGIA – RADON MAPPING

N. Kapanadze, G. Melikadze, J. Vaupotič, A. Tchankvetadze, M. Todadze, T. Jimsheladze, E. Chikviladze, Sh. Gogichaishvili, L. Chelidze

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.11

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Within the framework of the SRNSFG FN-19-22022 project “Radon mapping and radon risk assessment in Georgia”, the authors carried out fieldwork to quantify the radon (222Rn) distribution in water and soil gas as well as to ascertain geological factors influencing the radon concentration levels in some geographical areas of Georgia. On-site 222Rn concentration has been measured in soil gas (more than 300 sampling points) and in various water sources (boreholes, wells, deep thermal wells and springs, over 500 samples) using AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO (Saphymo GmbH) radon monitor. The radon concentration ranged from 0.1 to 221 Bq/L in water and up to 80000 Bq/m3 in soil gas. All observation sites were marked by GPS position. The radon mapping, representing the key method for fulfilling the project requirements, is based on the application of geochemical methods. After processing, the field data were digitized and transferred into the GIS System, which revealed the connection of radon anomalies to geological and hydro-geological structures, including the tectonic faults.
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N. Kapanadze, G. Melikadze, J. Vaupotič, A. Tchankvetadze, M. Todadze, T. Jimsheladze, E. Chikviladze, Sh. Gogichaishvili, L. Chelidze, "Radon-222 concentration levels in soil and water in different regions of georgia – radon mapping ", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 60–64, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.11
Radioecology

RADIOLOGICAL STATUS OF DRINKING WATER FROM THE EASTERN RHODOPES REGION, BULGARIA

Milena Hristozova, Radoslava Lazarova, Ivanka Yordanova

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.12

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The quality of drinking water in Bulgaria is controlled by the Ministry of Environment and Water. However, unregulated sources are also often used for drinking purposes. In addition to the impaired chemical, biological and physicochemical parameters, there is a risk of natural radionuclides occurring in concentration above the permissible levels. Higher content of natural uranium in the bedrock can be dissolved by groundwater or surface water and leads to high activity concentrations in drinking waters. The long-term use of water containing high content of uranium can cause kidney problems and poses cancer risks. 35 unregulated water sources from the region of the Eastern Rhodopes were studied. Natural uranium was measured spectrophotometrically. Gross alpha and beta activity were determined by low-background alpha-beta counter. Uranium content was between < 0.002 and 0.020±0.004mg/l, alpha activity: ≤0.001÷0.18±0.04 Bq/l, beta activity: ≤0.02÷0.18±0.04 Bq/l. The study of such unregulated water sources expands the monitoring of drinking waters in the country and makes it possible in case of hazard to inform the relevant authorities and population in order to protect human health.
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Milena Hristozova, Radoslava Lazarova, Ivanka Yordanova, "Radiological Status Of Drinking Water From The Eastern Rhodopes Region, Bulgaria ", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 65–69, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.12
Medical Physics

AN INTERCOMPARISON OF MULTIPLE BEAM MATCHED LINEAR ACCELERATORS COMMISSIONED ACCORDING TO THE ACCELERATED GO LIVE PROGRA

Vasile Petru Virag, Diana Maria Ghemiș

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.13

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Beam matched accelerators is a modern concept in radiation therapy field applied in the clinics where more than one linear accelerator is employed for treatment with important benefits for the medical team and patients alike. Our primary goal was to analyze and compare the dosimetric parameters of 8 linear accelerators with Elekta’s ultra-efficient install and commissioning program - Accelerated Go Live (AGL). AGL significantly reduces data gathering requirements by providing high quality, reliable, reference beam data, including beam profiles and percent depth doses (PDD) for all photon and electron energies. The machine’s parameters were matched to the reference parameters for each of the three photon energies. The measurements were acquired with Semiflex 3D ionization chambers in the BeamScan water phantom and processed with Mephysto software. After all the measurements were completed, we compared them with AGL reference data. The agreement was the following: Photon beams quality varied 95% agreement within 1% and 1mm for PDD, and within 2% and 2mm for beam profiles. Output factors agreed within 0.2% on average. Commissioning data have beam measured and analyzed with the gamma criteria required by vendor and present a good agreement. This study is similar to an internal audit and highlights the beam matching between involved linacs.
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Vasile Petru Virag, Diana Maria Ghemiș, "An intercomparison of multiple beam matched linear accelerators commissioned according to the accelerated go live program", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 70–75, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.13
Radioecology

THE STUDY OF GROSS BETA-RADIOACTIVITY OF ELEUTHEROCOCCUS SENTICOSUS AND SOME OTHER MEDICINAL PLANTS THAT HAD BEEN GROWN IN HYDROPONICS AND ON SOILS IN THE ARARAT VALLEY AND DILIJAN FOREST ZONE

А.P. Vardanyan, L.M. Ghalachyan, A.H. Tadevosyan, M.Kh. Daryadar, A.S. Stepanyan, A.A. Hakobjanyan, Kh.S. Mairapetyan, A.A. Sardaryan

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.14

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It is known that natural and technogenic radionuclides (RN) along the biogeochemical chains of agrocenoses can enter the human body through irrigation water-soil-plants, as well as through nutrient solution-substrate-plants in a hydroponic system, leading to the development of dangerous diseases. Monitoring and obtaining radioactively safe medicinal raw materials are priority issues. Research has been conducted in the Ararat Valley and at the Dilijan Forest Experimental Station (DFES) since 1996 to understand and control the levels of radionuclides in water, soil, and plant ecosystems. The investigations of RN in agricultural ecosystems are important because they can lead to the development of protection measures to be used in polluted areas and improve the safety of agricultural products. The radio-chemical studies have shown that certain medicinal plants, such as Eleutherococcus senticosus, Withania somnifera, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, and Cichorium intybus, cultivated in outdoor hydroponics and soils of Ararat Valley and DFES, have gross β-radioactivity levels that do not exceed the threshold of 1.0 Bq/g, making them radioecologically safe for use as medicinal raw materials. The research demonstrates that E. senticosus grown in the conditions of the biogeocenosis of the DFES accumulated two times less RN in its leaves than it did in the hydroponic vegetative vessels situated in the Ararat Valley. Medicinal plants grown in hydroponics and soil show a similar gross β-radioactivity decreasing pattern, with only slight deviations, as follows: W. somnifera > L. angustifolia > C. intybus > R. officinalis > E. senticosus. The content of controlled technogenic RN (90Sr, 137Cs) in natural waters, soils, and medicinal plants of the Ararat Valley and DFES did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC).
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Microwave, Laser, RF and UV radiations

EVALUATION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND SAFETY ZONES OF EXISTING BASE STATIONS UPGRADED WITH 5G MASSIVE MIMO ANTENNAS

Ts. Shalamanova, Hr. Petkova, M. Israel, M. Ivanova, V. Zaryabova

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.15

| | | Full Text (PDF)

The mass penetration of fifth-generation (5G) technology is already a fact. One of the challenges regarding the implementation of 5G networks in Bulgaria is the problem related to the assessment of electromagnetic exposure and determination of safety zones (SZ). Bulgaria has more restrictive national legislation for the protection of public health from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) than the Recommendation 1999/519/EC [1] and ICNIRP guidelines [2]. The first stage of the implementation of 5G undergoes of the upgrading the existing base stations with new installations. This fact raised many questions about the possibility of the maximal permissible values being exceeded. The method in the national legislation for the theoretical calculation of SZ around telecommunication transmitters is based on a conservative approach. It was clear that applying such a method would lead to unrealistically large SZ and will complicate the realization of planned additional 5G emitters on a particular place. The SZ assessment based on the conventional approach was also a complex task for the previous 3G and 4G technologies, but the situation seems more difficult when existing sites must be upgraded with new 5G installations, especially in the urban areas. The presence of different technologies on a certain base station requires the assessment of combined EMF exposure. The specifics of 5G New Radio (NR), characterized by intelligent technologies such as Massive MIMO (Multi-Input Multiple-Output) and beamforming, should also have to be taken into account in this evaluation process. The paper demonstrates the theoretical calculation of the SZ of an existing base station, which is planned to be upgraded with 5G smart antennas. We modified the current method for determination of the SZ boundary around telecommunication sources, which takes into account the specifics of the 5G technology. The application of this method will make the safety evaluation more realistic and the upgrade of existing base stations with the 5G installations to be possible.
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Ts. Shalamanova, Hr. Petkova, M. Israel, M. Ivanova, V. Zaryabova, "Evaluation of the electromagnetic field and safety zones of existing base stations upgraded with 5G massive mimo antennas",RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 82–86, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.15
Radiation Protection

APPLICATION OF THE INAA METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF SEIZED ILLEGALLY TRANSPORTED DRUGS: RELEVANT RADIATION PROTECTION ASPECTS

Jozef Sabol

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.16

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Various physical methods are successfully used for the non-destructive detection of drugs or other narcotics. In some applications, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) proves particularly suitable for its high sensitivity and reliability. This method of analysis uses the interaction of neutrons with the sample material, which then emits photons, charged particles, and secondary neutrons, the properties of which uniquely reflect the elemental composition of the examined sample. Relevant information on the presence of individual elements in the sample is obtained from the spectrometry of radiation from the activated sample. The method is non-destructive and requires virtually no specific sample preparation. As with any use of radiation, also here, due attention should be paid to ensure adequate radiation protection of workers and minimization of the impact on the surrounding environment.
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Jozef Sabol, "Application of the inaa method for the detection of seized illegally transported drugs: relevant radiation protection aspects", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 87-92, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.16
Radon and Thoron

DEFINITION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF A CFD MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF RADON ENTRY AND ACCUMULATION IN BUILDINGS

Isabel Sicilia, Borja Frutos, Jesús García, Héctor Alonso, Lluis Font, Victoria Moreno, Carlos Sainz, Luis Santiago Quindós, Marta García-Talavera

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.17

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Within the framework of a research project funded by the Spanish Nuclear Safety Council, two different models will be developed to allow the study of radon entry and accumulation in buildings located in different regions of potential risk. The final use will be aimed at the prediction of radon entry rates according with the levels of available information about buildings and environmental parameters. In addition, they should be able to predict the reductions achieved by implementing different types of mitigation solutions. One of them will be developed using the finite element analysis software COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. This paper presents the first phase of the project, describing the fundamentals of the model and a sensitivity study on some of the parameters it incorporates: radon levels in the ground and soil permeability; envelope conditions in terms of porosities, permeabilities, diffusion coefficients, discontinuities; environmental parameters such as pressure conditions, indoor and outdoor temperature, winds, moisture content of the ground. The results and the analysis of their feasibility of application will be compared later with the second model developed with the STELLA software. In a second phase, both models will be compared and calibrated using the monitored data from two real buildings located in areas with high radon exhalation potential.
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    (B. Frutos Vázquez, “Experimental study of effectiveness and viability of different construction solutions to reduce radon concentration in buildings,” PhD dissertation, Department of Construction and Architectural Technology, Higher Technical School of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2009.
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Isabel Sicilia, Borja Frutos, Jesús García, Héctor Alonso, Lluis Font, Victoria Moreno, Carlos Sainz, Luis Santiago Quindós, Marta García-Talavera, "Definition and sensitivity analysis of a cfd model for the study of radon entry and accumulation in buildings", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 93-97, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.17
Microwave, Laser, RF and UV radiations

GENERAL PUBLIC AND WORKERS PROTECTION ON USING OPTICAL RADIATION SOURCES FOR COSMETIC PURPOSES

M. Ivanova, M. Israel, Ts. Shalamanova, Hr. Petkova, V. Zaryabova, M. Stoynovska

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.18

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Numerous sources emitting high levels of optical radiation are used for cosmetic purposes, but data available on human health protection differ significantly amongst different countries. The great variety of cosmetics’ sources and their application by different population groups are the causes that make this problem an important public health and social issue. The literature review performed by the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) shows that legislation of different countries and organizations covers devices considered as medical. There is no such legislation for most of the cosmetic devices. For many optical sources, only technological standards exist that regulate the product’s performance. For others, the requirements are set in nonmandatory standards. A serious problem with the human health protection on use of such devices is that their application is a personal choice of the user - the exposure is voluntary. Our country has no policy for this type of optical radiation application except for the workers. A Directive for the protection of workers with similar sources is implemented in EU countries and transposed in Bulgaria, but its application is limited for use in cosmetics. Generally, the legislation covers applications of optical radiation defined as medical treatment only. There are no data on the number and qualifications of staff providing treatment in cosmetics. A policy for safety and health protection in this field is commonly missing for general public protection. Here, in this paper, the problem is addressed to the common sources used for cosmetics purposes (solaria, IPL systems). This article focuses on the common sources used for cosmetic purposes (tanning beds, IPL systems). The specific risks associated with the application of the sources are discussed. Based on the analysis of the problem, а development of specific legislation, corresponding to the specific health risks is proposed. The single data we have from measurements performed in cosmetic studios with sunbeds show increased risk for the personnel and users as well. The aim of the study is to propose development of a policy for health protection on using optical radiation sources for therapeutic and cosmetic applications on the basis of scientific literature and on our own experience.
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M. Ivanova, M. Israel, Ts. Shalamanova, Hr. Petkova, V. Zaryabova, M. Stoynovska, "General public and workers protection on using optical radiation sources for cosmetic purposes", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 98-102, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.18
Radiochemistry

OXIDATIVE DISSOLUTION OF TRIURANIUM OCTAOXIDE IN HYDROXIDE-PEROXIDE MEDIA

N.M. Chervyakov, A.V. Boyarintsev, I.A. Teplov, N.D. Chalysheva, S.I. Stepanov

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.19

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The article presents the results of a kinetic study of oxidative dissolution of powdered triuranium octoxide samples in the aqueous mixture NaOH – H2O2. It was found that the concentration of the oxidant/complexing reagent (H2O2) in 1.0 mol/L NaOH solution determines the chemistry of the process and influence on the kinetic of U3O8 oxidative dissolution. The rate and completeness of U3O8 dissolution have also been shown to depend on the physical properties of the initial oxide powder and alkaline solution temperature. Process rate constant values for all studied conditions are calculated. The calculated value of the apparent activation energy was 47 kJ/mol (U3O8 powder sample obtained at 480°C) and 33.8 kJ/mol (U3O8 powder sample obtained at 600°C), which corresponds to the limitation of the process by a chemical reaction. Based on the results obtained, the conditions for the quantitative dissolution of U3O8 in NaOH – H2O2 solutions were determined.
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N.M. Chervyakov, A.V. Boyarintsev, I.A. Teplov, N.D. Chalysheva, S.I. Stepanov, "Oxidative dissolution of triuranium octaoxide in hydroxide-peroxide media", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 103-109, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.19
Radiochemistry

KINETIC STUDY OF THE OXIDATIVE DISSOLUTION OF URANIUM DIOXIDE AND TRIURANIUM OCTOXIDE IN CARBONATE MEDIA

N.M. Chervyakov, A.V. Boyarintsev, I.A. Teplov, S.I. Stepanov

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.20

| | | Full Text (PDF)

The dissolution yield, reaction rate constant, and apparent activation energy values of oxidative dissolution of UO2.25 and U 3O8 (obtained in the temperature range 480°C–1200°C) powder samples in 1.0 mol/L NaHCO3(Na2CO3) aqueous solutions at the fractional feeding mode of liquid hydrogen peroxide or crystalline sodium percarbonate (2Na2CO3 ⸱3H2O2) at various temperatures are estimated, summarized and discussed. The conditions of powdered U3O8 samples for complete dissolution in carbonate systems have been defined. The obtained results are fundamental importance for the development and optimization of modes and conditions for alternative carbonate-based systems for voloxidized spent nuclear fuel oxidative dissolution.
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N.M. Chervyakov, A.V. Boyarintsev, I.A. Teplov, S.I. Stepanov, "Kinetic study of the oxidative dissolution of uranium dioxide and triuranium octoxide in carbonate media", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 110–118, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.20
Biochemistry

ASSOCIATION OF MARKER OF INFLAMMATION, HEPATIC ENZYMES AND LIPID PROFILE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES

Šaćira Mandal

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2022.21

| | | Full Text (PDF)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia as well as chronic inflammation, and is associated with disturbed lipids metabolism and impaired hepatic function. It is well known that the liver plays a key role in maintenance of normal glucose levels during the fasting and post prandial periods while C reactive protein as a marker of inflammation is produced in the liver. Altered lipoprotein levels and elevated hepatic enzymes have been identified as an independent risk factor for the development of many metabolic disorders including T2D. Aim of this study was to evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP) as well hepatic enzymes and to find their association with the lipid profile in non-treated T2D patients. Biochemical parameters, CRP, hepatic enzymes (alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase) were measured by using VITROS 350 Chemistry System. Glycemic control parameters, lipid profile and liver enzymes were increased in diabetics and differed from control group (p<0.001). The significant association between CRP with HDL levels as well as association of ALT and GGT activity with HDL levels was observed in control group. Also, a negative association of GGT with VLDL levels was revealed in healthy subjects. In non-treated diabetics a negative significant association between AST and HDL levels as well as a positive association of AST and LDL levels was found while lack of association between lipid profile and other liver enzymes. Interestingly, in diabetes patients a negative association between CRP and AP levels was observed. These findings suggest that marker of inflammation (CRP), hepatic enzymes activities and impaired lipid metabolism may play an important role in pathogenesis of T2D and related complications.
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Šaćira Mandal, "Association of marker of inflammation, hepatic enzymes and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes", RAD Conf. Proc, vol. 6, 2022, pp. 119-123, http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2022.21